Use of farnesene, polyfarnesene and farnesene copolymer for golf balls

ABSTRACT

The use of a low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and farnesene copolymer in a golf ball is disclosed herein. In a core, low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene) or farnesene copolymer is blended with 1,4 polybutadiene or a polyalkenamer. In a mantle layer, low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer can be blended with non- or partially neutralized copolymeric or terpolymeric ionomer(s). In a cover, low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and farnesene copolymer can be blended with highly neutralized ionomer.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The Present Application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/961,727, filed on Apr. 24, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,456,630 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/508,798, filed on May 19, 2017, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to the use of farnesene, polyfarnesene, farnesene copolymer for golf ball applications.

Description of the Related Art

Farnesene has conjugated diene moiety with long alkyl side chain. Farnesene can be polymerized to make poly(farnesene) that can be used as an elastomer. Farnesene copolymers also can be polymerized. Liquid farnesene rubber (LFR) and hydrogenated styrene farnesene copolymer (HSFC) are manufactured by Kuraray. Poly(farnesene) is manufactured by Total Petrochemical.

Farnesene has not been used in golf ball applications.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is golf ball core, mantle, and/or cover layer comprising low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and farnesene copolymer.

Having briefly described the present invention, the above and further objects, features and advantages thereof will be recognized by those skilled in the pertinent art from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exploded partial cut-away view of a golf ball.

FIG. 2 is top perspective view of a golf ball.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a core component of a golf ball.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a core component and a mantle component of a golf ball.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an inner core layer, an outer core layer, an inner mantle layer, an outer mantle layer and a cover layer of a golf ball.

FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of an inner core layer, an intermediate core layer, an outer core layer, a mantle layer and a cover layer of a golf ball.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an inner core layer under a 100 kilogram load.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a core under a 100 kilogram load.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a core component and a mantle component of a golf ball.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a core component, the mantle component and a cover layer of a golf ball.

FIG. 10 is an exploded partial cut-away view of a four-piece golf ball.

FIG. 11 is an exploded partial cut-away view of a three-piece golf ball.

FIG. 12 is an exploded partial cut-away view of a two-piece golf ball.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a two-piece golf ball.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece golf ball.

FIG. 15 is an exploded partial cut-away view of a three-piece golf ball.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece golf ball with a dual core and a cover.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece golf ball with a core, mantle and cover.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball with a dual core, mantle layer and a cover.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball with a core, dual mantle layers and a cover.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a preferred embodiment, low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene) or farnesene copolymer is blended with 1,4 polybutadiene or polyalkenamer. The blend contains free radical formers such as sulfur, azo compound, organic peroxide or combination of those with or without the presence of co-crosslinking agent, such as ZnO and ZD(M)A. The compositions further contain peptizers, accelerators, inhibitors, activators, colorants, foaming agents, and organic, inorganic or metallic fillers or fibers. The mixing methods include using two-roll mill, banbury mixer, or extruder. The composition is crosslinked by any conventional crosslinking method(s), such as by applying thermal energy, irradiation, and combination of those.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer can be blended with non- or partially neutralized copolymeric or terpolymeric ionomer(s). A modified resin prepared from the composition can be further neutralized using various types of metal cations. The examples of metal cations are, not limited to, acetate, oxide, or hydroxide salts of lithium, calcium, zinc, sodium, potassium, magnesium, nickel, manganese, or mixtures thereof.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and farnesene copolymer can be blended with highly neutralized ionomer.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and farnesene copolymer can be blended with non-ionomeric polymer(s) such as, but not limited to, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyester, polyamide, polyamide copolymer, liquid crystalline polymer, dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers, polyetherester elastomers, polyesterester elastomers, polyetheramide elastomers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, modified copolymers of ethylene and propylene, styrenic copolymers including styrenic block copolymers and randomly distributed styrenic copolymers such as styrene-isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), 1,2-polybutadiene, and styrene-butadiene copolymers, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyether or polyester thermoplastic urethanes.

Hydrogenated styrene farnesene copolymer (HSFC) are manufactured and sold by Kuraray under the commercial designation KL-SF901, KL-SF902, KL-SF903 and KL-SF904. The material has a hardness ranging from 6 to 25 Shore A.

The above mentioned material compositions can further comprise colorants, UV-stabilizer, anti-oxidant, fluorescent-whitening agent, processing aids, organic, inorganic, or metallic fillers and fibers, and mold-release.

Many of the material compositions are prepared by melt mixing. Examples of melt-mixing are roll-mill, internal mixer, single-screw extruder, twin-screw extruder, or any combination of those.

Advantages of farnesene, polyfarnesene or farnesene copolymer used in the core include the following: 1) Ease of mixing (kneading) process by lowering mooney viscosity of polybutadiene rubber; 2) Increase the consistency of core physical properties; Act as an impact modifier and improve impact durability; 3) Maintain physical properties at low temperature. The expected loading level of farnesene, polyfarnesene or farnesene copolymer in the core composition is from 1 to 50 pph based on 100 pph of butadiene rubber.

Advantages of farnesene, polyfarnesene or farnesene copolymer used in the mantle layer include the following: 1) Increase melt flow for injection molding; 2) Used as a softening agent to bring down the hardness of polyamide, ABS, and other stiff materials so that they can be utilized as a mantle layer; 3) Act as an impact modifier and improve impact durability. The expected loading level of farnesene, polyfarnesene or farnesene copolymer in the mantle composition is from 1 to 30 wt %.

Advantages of farnesene, polyfarnesene or farnesene copolymer used in the cover layer include the following: 1) Increase melt flow for injection molding; 2) Act as an impact modifier and improve impact durability; 3) Introduce crosslinking sites to improve shear cut resistance; 4) Used as a spin modifier. The expected loading level of farnesene, polyfarnesene or farnesene copolymer in the cover composition is from 1 to 30 wt %.

Low molecular weight Farnesene can be used in coating applications. Adding farnesene to coating composition to make friction coefficient of coating layer higher that will increase the greenside spin. The expected loading level of farnesene in a coating composition is less than 10 wt %. Such coating compositions include the following coating compositions disclosed in the patents incorporated by reference below.

Brown, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/683,398, filed on Aug. 22, 2017, for a Golf Ball With Improved Durability, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Crast et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,877, for a Dual Curable Coating, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Skrabski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,337, for a Golf ball Painting System, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Reyes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,011, for a Texture Coating For A Golf Club, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Crast et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,679, for a Two component polyurethane clear coat for golf balls, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Crast et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,564, for a UV Clearable Clear Coat For Golf Balls, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Skrabski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,563, for a Golf ball Painting Method, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Matroni et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,052, for a Golf Ball, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A golf ball core, mantle, and/or cover layer can have a composition comprising low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer can be blended with 1,4 polybutadiene or polyalkenamer. The blend contains free radical formers such as sulfur, azo compound, organic peroxide or combination of those with or without the presence of co-crosslinking agent, such as ZnO and ZD(M)A. The compositions can further contain peptizers, accelerators, inhibitors, activators, colorants, foaming agents, and organic, inorganic or metallic fillers or fibers. The mixing methods can be included using two-roll mill, banbury mixer, or extruder. The composition can be crosslinked by any conventional crosslinking method(s), such as by applying thermal energy, irradiation, and combination of those.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer can be blended with non- or partially neutralized copolymeric or terpolymeric ionomer(s).

A modified resin prepared from the composition can be further neutralized using various types of metal cations. The examples of metal cations are, not limited to, acetate, oxide, or hydroxide salts of lithium, calcium, zinc, sodium, potassium, magnesium, nickel, manganese, or mixtures thereof.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer can be blended with a highly neutralized ionomer such as HPF materials available from DuPont.

Low molecular weight farnesene, poly(farnesene), and/or farnesene copolymer can be blended with non-ionomeric polymer(s) such as, but not limited to, thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyester, polyamide, polyamide copolymer, liquid crystalline polymer, dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomers, polyetherester elastomers, polyesterester elastomers, polyetheramide elastomers, propylene-butadiene copolymers, modified copolymers of ethylene and propylene, styrenic copolymers including styrenic block copolymers and randomly distributed styrenic copolymers such as styrene-isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), 1,2-polybutadiene, and styrene-butadiene copolymers, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyether or polyester thermoplastic urethanes.

The material compositions mentioned above can further comprise colorants, UV-stabilizer, anti-oxidant, fluorescent-whitening agent, processing aids, organic, inorganic, or metallic fillers and fibers, and mold-release.

The material compositions mentioned above can be prepared by melt mixing. Examples of melt-mixing are roll-mill, internal mixer, single-screw extruder, twin-screw extruder, or any combination of those.

FIGS. 1, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate a five piece golf ball 10 comprising an inner core 12 a, an outer core 12 b, an inner mantle 14 a, an outer mantle 14 b, and a cover 16, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 5A illustrates a five piece golf ball 10 comprising an inner core 12 a, an intermediate core 12 b, an outer core 12 c, a mantle 14, and a cover 16, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a six piece golf ball 10 comprising an inner core 12 a, an intermediate core 12 b, an outer core 12 c, an inner mantle 14 a, an outer mantle 14 b, and a cover 16, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 10 illustrates a four piece golf ball comprising a dual core, a boundary layer and a cover, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 11 illustrates a three piece golf ball comprising a core, a boundary layer and a cover, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate a two piece golf ball 20 with a core 25 and a cover 30, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a three-piece golf ball 5 comprising a core 10, a mantle layer 14 and a cover 16 with dimples 18, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 16 illustrates a dual core three piece golf ball 35 comprising an inner core 30, and outer core 32 and a cover 34, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 17 illustrates a three piece golf ball 45 comprising a core 40, a mantle layer 42 and a cover 44, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 18 illustrates a dual core four piece golf ball 55 comprising an inner core 50, an outer core 52, a mantle layer 54 and a cover 56, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

FIG. 19 illustrates a four piece golf ball 65 comprising a core 60, an inner mantle 62, an outer mantle 64 and a cover 66, wherein at least one layer of the golf ball comprises at least one of a low molecular weight farnesene, a poly(farnesene), or a farnesene copolymer.

The mantle component is preferably composed of the inner mantle layer and the outer mantle layer. The mantle component preferably has a thickness ranging from 0.05 inch to 0.15 inch, and more preferably from 0.06 inch to 0.08 inch. The outer mantle layer is preferably composed of a blend of ionomer materials. One preferred embodiment comprises SURLYN 9150 material, SURLYN 8940 material, a SURLYN AD1022 material, and a masterbatch. The SURLYN 9150 material is preferably present in an amount ranging from 20 to 45 weight percent of the cover, and more preferably 30 to 40 weight percent. The SURLYN 8945 is preferably present in an amount ranging from 15 to 35 weight percent of the cover, more preferably 20 to 30 weight percent, and most preferably 26 weight percent. The SURLYN 9945 is preferably present in an amount ranging from 30 to 50 weight percent of the cover, more preferably 35 to 45 weight percent, and most preferably 41 weight percent. The SURLYN 8940 is preferably present in an amount ranging from 5 to 15 weight percent of the cover, more preferably 7 to 12 weight percent, and most preferably 10 weight percent.

SURLYN 8320, from DuPont, is a very-low modulus ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer with partial neutralization of the acid groups with sodium ions. SURLYN 8945, also from DuPont, is a high acid ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer with partial neutralization of the acid groups with sodium ions. SURLYN 9945, also from DuPont, is a high acid ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer with partial neutralization of the acid groups with zinc ions. SURLYN 8940, also from DuPont, is an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer with partial neutralization of the acid groups with sodium ions.

The inner mantle layer is preferably composed of a blend of ionomers, preferably comprising a terpolymer and at least two high acid (greater than 18 weight percent) ionomers neutralized with sodium, zinc, magnesium, or other metal ions. The material for the inner mantle layer preferably has a Shore D plaque hardness ranging preferably from 35 to 77, more preferably from 36 to 44, a most preferably approximately 40. The thickness of the outer mantle layer preferably ranges from 0.025 inch to 0.050 inch, and is more preferably approximately 0.037 inch. The mass of an insert including the dual core and the inner mantle layer preferably ranges from 32 grams to 40 grams, more preferably from 34 to 38 grams, and is most preferably approximately 36 grams. The inner mantle layer is alternatively composed of a HPF material available from DuPont. Alternatively, the inner mantle layer 14 b is composed of a material such as disclosed in Kennedy, III et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,361,101 for a Golf Ball And Thermoplastic Material, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The outer mantle layer is preferably composed of a blend of ionomers, preferably comprising at least two high acid (greater than 18 weight percent) ionomers neutralized with sodium, zinc, or other metal ions. The blend of ionomers also preferably includes a masterbatch. The material of the outer mantle layer preferably has a Shore D plaque hardness ranging preferably from 55 to 75, more preferably from 65 to 71, and most preferably approximately 67. The thickness of the outer mantle layer preferably ranges from 0.025 inch to 0.040 inch, and is more preferably approximately 0.030 inch. The mass of the entire insert including the core, the inner mantle layer and the outer mantle layer preferably ranges from 38 grams to 43 grams, more preferably from 39 to 41 grams, and is most preferably approximately 41 grams.

In an alternative embodiment, the inner mantle layer is preferably composed of a blend of ionomers, preferably comprising at least two high acid (greater than 18 weight percent) ionomers neutralized with sodium, zinc, or other metal ions. The blend of ionomers also preferably includes a masterbatch. In this embodiment, the material of the inner mantle layer has a Shore D plaque hardness ranging preferably from 55 to 75, more preferably from 65 to 71, and most preferably approximately 67. The thickness of the outer mantle layer preferably ranges from 0.025 inch to 0.040 inch, and is more preferably approximately 0.030 inch. Also in this embodiment, the outer mantle layer 14 b is composed of a blend of ionomers, preferably comprising a terpolymer and at least two high acid (greater than 18 weight percent) ionomers neutralized with sodium, zinc, magnesium, or other metal ions. In this embodiment, the material for the outer mantle layer 14 b preferably has a Shore D plaque hardness ranging preferably from 35 to 77, more preferably from 36 to 44, a most preferably approximately 40. The thickness of the outer mantle layer preferably ranges from 0.025 inch to 0.100 inch, and more preferably ranges from 0.070 inch to 0.090 inch.

In yet another embodiment wherein the inner mantle layer is thicker than the outer mantle layer and the outer mantle layer is harder than the inner mantle layer, the inner mantle layer is composed of a blend of ionomers, preferably comprising a terpolymer and at least two high acid (greater than 18 weight percent) ionomers neutralized with sodium, zinc, magnesium, or other metal ions. In this embodiment, the material for the inner mantle layer has a Shore D plaque hardness ranging preferably from 30 to 77, more preferably from 30 to 50, and most preferably approximately 40. In this embodiment, the material for the outer mantle layer has a Shore D plaque hardness ranging preferably from 40 to 77, more preferably from 50 to 71, and most preferably approximately 67. In this embodiment, the thickness of the inner mantle layer preferably ranges from 0.030 inch to 0.090 inch, and the thickness of the outer mantle layer ranges from 0.025 inch to 0.070 inch.

Preferably the inner core has a diameter ranging from 0.75 inch to 1.20 inches, more preferably from 0.85 inch to 1.05 inch, and most preferably approximately 0.95 inch. Preferably the inner core 12 a has a Shore D hardness ranging from 20 to 50, more preferably from 25 to 40, and most preferably approximately 35. Preferably the inner core is formed from TPEE composed of short chain glycols. Preferably the inner core has a mass ranging from 5 grams to 15 grams, 7 grams to 10 grams and most preferably approximately 8 grams.

Preferably the outer core has a diameter ranging from 1.25 inch to 1.55 inches, more preferably from 1.40 inch to 1.5 inch, and most preferably approximately 1.5 inch. Preferably the outer core has a Shore D surface hardness ranging from 40 to 65, more preferably from 50 to 60, and most preferably approximately 56. Preferably the outer core is formed from a polybutadiene, zinc diacrylate, zinc oxide, zinc stearate, a peptizer and peroxide. Preferably the combined inner core and outer core have a mass ranging from 25 grams to 35 grams, 30 grams to 34 grams and most preferably approximately 32 grams.

Preferably the inner core has a deflection of at least 0.230 inch under a load of 220 pounds, and the core has a deflection of at least 0.080 inch under a load of 200 pounds. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, a mass 50 is loaded onto an inner core and a core. As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the mass is 100 kilograms, approximately 220 pounds. Under a load of 100 kilograms, the inner core preferably has a deflection from 0.230 inch to 0.300 inch. Under a load of 100 kilograms, preferably the core has a deflection of 0.08 inch to 0.150 inch. Alternatively, the load is 200 pounds (approximately 90 kilograms), and the deflection of the core 12 is at least 0.080 inch. Further, a compressive deformation from a beginning load of 10 kilograms to an ending load of 130 kilograms for the inner core ranges from 4 millimeters to 7 millimeters and more preferably from 5 millimeters to 6.5 millimeters. The dual core deflection differential allows for low spin off the tee to provide greater distance, and high spin on approach shots.

In an alternative embodiment of the golf ball shown in FIG. 5A, the golf ball 10 comprises an inner core 12 a, an intermediate core 12 b, an outer core 12 b, a mantle 14 and a cover 16. The golf ball 10 preferably has a diameter of at least 1.68 inches, a mass ranging from 45 grams to 47 grams, a COR of at least 0.79, a deformation under a 100 kilogram loading of at least 0.07 mm.

In one embodiment, the golf ball comprises a core, a mantle layer and a cover layer. The core comprises an inner core sphere, an intermediate core layer and an outer core layer. The inner core sphere comprises a TPEE material and has a diameter ranging from 0.875 inch to 1.4 inches. The intermediate core layer is composed of a highly neutralized ionomer and has a Shore D hardness less than 40. The outer core layer is composed of a highly neutralized ionomer and has a Shore D hardness less than 45. A thickness of the intermediate core layer is greater than a thickness of the outer core layer. The mantle layer is disposed over the core, comprises an ionomer material and has a Shore D hardness greater than 55. The cover layer is disposed over the mantle layer comprises a thermoplastic polyurethane material and has a Shore A hardness less than 100. The golf ball has a diameter of at least 1.68 inches. The mantle layer is harder than the outer core layer, the outer core layer is harder than the intermediate core layer, the intermediate core layer is harder than the inner core sphere, and the cover layer is softer than the mantle layer.

In another embodiment, shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, the golf ball 10 has a multi-layer core and multi-layer mantle. The golf ball includes a core, a mantle component and a cover layer. The core comprises an inner core sphere, an intermediate core layer and an outer core layer. The inner core sphere comprises a TPEE material and has a diameter ranging from 0.875 inch to 1.4 inches. The intermediate core layer is composed of a highly neutralized ionomer and has a Shore D hardness less than 40. The outer core layer is composed of a highly neutralized ionomer and has a Shore D hardness less than 45. A thickness of the intermediate core layer is greater than a thickness of the outer core layer 12 c. The inner mantle layer is disposed over the core, comprises an ionomer material and has a Shore D hardness greater than 55. The outer mantle layer is disposed over the inner mantle layer, comprises an ionomer material and has a Shore D hardness greater than 60. The cover layer is disposed over the mantle component, comprises a thermoplastic polyurethane material and has a Shore A hardness less than 100. The golf ball has a diameter of at least 1.68 inches. The outer mantle layer is harder than the inner mantle layer, the inner mantle layer is harder than the outer core layer, the outer core layer is harder than the intermediate core layer, the intermediate core layer is harder than the inner core sphere, and the cover layer is softer than the outer mantle layer.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the golf ball preferably has an aerodynamic pattern such as disclosed in Simonds et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,419,443 for a Low Volume Cover For A Golf Ball, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the golf ball has an aerodynamic pattern such as disclosed in Simonds et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,338,392 for An Aerodynamic Surface Geometry For A Golf Ball, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Various aspects of the present invention golf balls have been described in terms of certain tests or measuring procedures. These are described in greater detail as follows.

As used herein, “Shore D hardness” of the golf ball layers is measured generally in accordance with ASTM D-2240 type D, except the measurements may be made on the curved surface of a component of the golf ball, rather than on a plaque. If measured on the ball, the measurement will indicate that the measurement was made on the ball. In referring to a hardness of a material of a layer of the golf ball, the measurement will be made on a plaque in accordance with ASTM D-2240. Furthermore, the Shore D hardness of the cover is measured while the cover remains over the mantles and cores. When a hardness measurement is made on the golf ball, the Shore D hardness is preferably measured at a land area of the cover.

As used herein, “Shore A hardness” of a cover is measured generally in accordance with ASTM D-2240 type A, except the measurements may be made on the curved surface of a component of the golf ball, rather than on a plaque. If measured on the ball, the measurement will indicate that the measurement was made on the ball. In referring to a hardness of a material of a layer of the golf ball, the measurement will be made on a plaque in accordance with ASTM D-2240. Furthermore, the Shore A hardness of the cover is measured while the cover remains over the mantles and cores. When a hardness measurement is made on the golf ball, Shore A hardness is preferably measured at a land area of the cover

The resilience or coefficient of restitution (COR) of a golf ball is the constant “e,” which is the ratio of the relative velocity of an elastic sphere after direct impact to that before impact. As a result, the COR (“e”) can vary from 0 to 1, with 1 being equivalent to a perfectly or completely elastic collision and 0 being equivalent to a perfectly or completely inelastic collision.

COR, along with additional factors such as club head speed, club head mass, ball weight, ball size and density, spin rate, angle of trajectory and surface configuration as well as environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, moisture, atmospheric pressure, wind, etc.) generally determine the distance a ball will travel when hit. Along this line, the distance a golf ball will travel under controlled environmental conditions is a function of the speed and mass of the club and size, density and resilience (COR) of the ball and other factors. The initial velocity of the club, the mass of the club and the angle of the ball's departure are essentially provided by the golfer upon striking. Since club head speed, club head mass, the angle of trajectory and environmental conditions are not determinants controllable by golf ball producers and the ball size and weight are set by the U.S.G.A., these are not factors of concern among golf ball manufacturers. The factors or determinants of interest with respect to improved distance are generally the COR and the surface configuration of the ball.

The coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the outgoing velocity to the incoming velocity. In the examples of this application, the coefficient of restitution of a golf ball was measured by propelling a ball horizontally at a speed of 125+/−5 feet per second (fps) and corrected to 125 fps against a generally vertical, hard, flat steel plate and measuring the ball's incoming and outgoing velocity electronically. Speeds were measured with a pair of ballistic screens, which provide a timing pulse when an object passes through them. The screens were separated by 36 inches and are located 25.25 inches and 61.25 inches from the rebound wall. The ball speed was measured by timing the pulses from screen 1 to screen 2 on the way into the rebound wall (as the average speed of the ball over 36 inches), and then the exit speed was timed from screen 2 to screen 1 over the same distance. The rebound wall was tilted 2 degrees from a vertical plane to allow the ball to rebound slightly downward in order to miss the edge of the cannon that fired it. The rebound wall is solid steel.

As indicated above, the incoming speed should be 125±5 fps but corrected to 125 fps. The correlation between COR and forward or incoming speed has been studied and a correction has been made over the ±5 fps range so that the COR is reported as if the ball had an incoming speed of exactly 125.0 fps.

The measurements for deflection, compression, hardness, and the like are preferably performed on a finished golf ball as opposed to performing the measurement on each layer during manufacturing.

Preferably, in a five layer golf ball comprising an inner core, an outer core, an inner mantle layer, an outer mantle layer and a cover, the hardness/compression of layers involve an inner core with the greatest deflection (lowest hardness), an outer core (combined with the inner core) with a deflection less than the inner core, an inner mantle layer with a hardness less than the hardness of the combined outer core and inner core, an outer mantle layer with the hardness layer of the golf ball, and a cover with a hardness less than the hardness of the outer mantle layer. These measurements are preferably made on a finished golf ball that has been torn down for the measurements.

Preferably the inner mantle layer is thicker than the outer mantle layer or the cover layer. The dual core and dual mantle golf ball creates an optimized velocity-initial velocity ratio (Vi/IV), and allows for spin manipulation. The dual core provides for increased core compression differential resulting in a high spin for short game shots and a low spin for driver shots. A discussion of the USGA initial velocity test is disclosed in Yagley et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,595,872 for a Golf Ball With High Coefficient Of Restitution, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Another example is Bartels et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,775 for a Golf Ball With High Coefficient Of Restitution, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Alternatively, the cover 16 is composed of a thermoplastic polyurethane/polyurea material. One example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,367,903 for a Golf Ball, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Another example is Melanson, U.S. Pat. No. 7,641,841, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Another example is Melanson et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,211, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Another example is Matroni et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,111, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Another example is Dewanjee et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,785,522, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Bartels, U.S. Pat. No. 9,278,260, for a Low Compression Three-Piece Golf Ball With An Aerodynamic Drag Rise At High Speeds, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Chavan et al, U.S. Pat. No. 9,789,366, for a Graphene Core For A Golf Ball, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Chavan et al, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/705,011, filed on Sep. 14, 2017, for a Graphene Core For A Golf Ball, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Chavan et al, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/729,231, filed on Oct. 10, 2017, for a Graphene And Nanotube Reinforced Golf Ball, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

From the foregoing it is believed that those skilled in the pertinent art will recognize the meritorious advancement of this invention and will readily understand that while the present invention has been described in association with a preferred embodiment thereof, and other embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, numerous changes, modifications and substitutions of equivalents may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention which is intended to be unlimited by the foregoing except as may appear in the following appended claims. Therefore, the embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined in the following appended claims. 

I claim as my invention the following:
 1. A golf ball comprising: a center core comprising polybutadiene; an outer core disposed over the center core; a mantle layer disposed over the outer core; a cover layer disposed over the mantle layer; wherein the cover layer comprises a blend material of at least one material selected from the group consisting of a farnesene, a poly(farnesene), and a farnesene copolymer, and at least one material selected from the group consisting of a partially-neutralized copolymeric ionomer, copolymeric ionomer, a partially-neutralized terpolymeric ionomer, and a terpolymeric ionomer.
 2. A golf ball comprising: a center core comprising polybutadiene; an outer core disposed over the center core; a mantle layer disposed over the outer core; a cover layer disposed over the mantle layer; wherein the cover layer comprises a blend material of a blend material of a highly neutralized ionomer and at least one material selected from the group consisting of a farnesene, a poly(farnesene), and a farnesene copolymer. 